The Olmec and Chavin - Chapter 2

     The population of the Americas began through the Siberia-Alaska land bridge near 18-14,000 BCE.
     The Olmec (1200 - 400 BCE) were based in Southern Mexico. They created extensive agricultural plans for their fields, a wide range of trade, ceremonial centers, and monuments. Centers of industry at La Venta, San Lorenzo, and Tres Zapotes exchanged products such as salt, chocolate, limestone, and clay.
     Large platforms were used in ceremonies and as bases for houses. Little is known about Olmec politics, but kings are suggested by giant statues of stone heads. The Olmec worshiped may gods, who could change into animal forms at will. Shamans (those who could contact the gods) were essential to Olmec religion.
     From observing the starts, the Olmec created a calendar that was later expanded upon by the Maya.

      The Chavin (900 - 250 BCE) lived near the Andes mountains in South America. They developed trading systems and tended to live in groups. They domesticated llamas, which were used for meat, wool, and as transportation.
     Class distinctions appeared in Chavin society, with homes for the wealthy being made out of stone and mud bricks. Working of metals began in 500 BCE with gold and silver products as evidence. The Chavins' metalworking skills were well known throughout the Americas.
     Increased warfare disrupted the Chavins' trade routes and helped to speed the collapse of their civilization.